:
The use of standardized tests to evaluate the current performance of a person in some defined domain of cognitive, psychomotor, or physical functioning.
?Abstract
? Accommodations:
Changes in the way tests are designed or administered to respond to the special needs of students with disabilities and English learners (EL).
? Accountability :
The notion that people (e.g., students or teachers) or an organization (e.g., a school, school district, or state department of education) should be held responsible for improving student achievement and should be rewarded or sanctioned for their success or lack of success in doing so.
?Achievement gap
Persistent differences in achievement among different types of students as indicated by scores on standardized tests, teacher grades and other data. The gaps most frequently referred to are those between whites and minority groups.
? Achievement test
A test to measure a student's knowledge and skills.
A test to evaluate the extent of knowledge or skill attained by a test taker in a content domain in which the test taker had received instruction.
?Active learning methods :
Learning methods that focus on ensure learners play and active role in the process of learning instead of passively receiving information.
?Aim :
The aim of a lesson is its goal or objective.
? Active learning :
Any situation in which students learn by moving around and doing things, rather than sitting at their desks reading, filling out worksheets, or listening to a teacher. Active learning is based on the premise that if students are not active, they are neither fully engaged nor learning as much as they could. Some educators restrict the term to mean activities outside of school, such as voluntary community service, but others would say that acting out a Shakespeare play in the classroom is active learning.
: Adoption
Refers to the chosen curriculum of a particular school.
: Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID)
A four-year elective college preparatory class designed to motivate students to attend college.
:Affective education
Schooling that helps students deal in a positive way with their emotions and values is sometimes called affective to distinguish it from cognitive learning, which is concerned with facts and ideas. Programs designed to help students handle their emotions, which might at one time have been termed affective education, are now more frequently called social and emotional learning.
?Age *****alent :
The chronological age in a defined population for which a given score is the median (middle) score.
? Alignment :
The degree to which assessments, curriculum, instruction, textbooks and other instructional materials, teacher preparation and professional development, and systems of accountability all reflect and reinforce the educational program's objectives and standards.
? Allegory :
A narrative technique in which characters representing things or abstract ideas are used to convey a message or teach a lesson. Allegory is typically used to teach moral, ethical, or religious lessons but is sometimes used for satiric or political purposes.
? Alliteration :
A poetic device where the first consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in words or syllables are repeated .
? Allusion :
A reference to a familiar literary or historical person or event, used to make an idea more easily understood .
? Alternative assessments :
Ways other than standardized tests to get information about what students know and where they need help, such as oral reports, projects, performances, experiments, and class participation.
?Analogy :
A comparison of two things made to explain something unfamiliar through its similarities to something familiar, or to prove one point based on the accepted ness of another. Similes and Metaphors are types of analogies.
? Annual Measurable Objective (AMO) :
The annual target for the percentage of students whose test scores must be proficient or above in English/language arts and mathematics.
?Antonyms ;
Antonyms are words that have an opposite meaning . For example poor is the opposite of rich while dirty is the opposite of clean .
?Anthropomorphism :
The presentation of animals or objects in human shape or with human characteristics. The term is derived from the Greek word for "human form."
? Apostrophe:
A statement, question, or request addressed to an inanimate object or concept or to a nonexistent or absent person.
:aptitude tests
Tests that attempt to predict a person's ability to do something. The most familiar are intelligence tests, which are intended to measure a person's intellectual abilities. The theory underlying intelligence tests is that each person's mental ability is relatively stable and can be determined apart from her knowledge of subject matter or other abilities, such as creativity. Some aptitude tests measure a person's natural ability to learn particular subjects and skills or suitability for certain careers .
:Argument?
The argument of a work is the author's subject matter or principal idea.
:Aristotelian Criticism?
Specifically, the method of evaluating and analyzing tragedy formulated by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in his Poetics. More generally, the term indicates any form of criticism that follows Aristotle's views. Aristotelian criticism focuses on the form and logical structure of a work, apart from its historical or social context, in contrast to "Platonic Criticism," which stresses the usefulness of art.
? Assessment :
Teacher-made tests, standardized tests, or tests from textbook companies that are used to evaluate student performance.
?Assonance:
The repetition of similar vowel sounds in poetry.
? At-risk student :
Students may be labeled at risk if they are not succeeding in school based on information gathered from test scores, attendance, or discipline problems.
?Audio-lingual approach :
A behaviorist approach to language learning, which stems from the belief that the ability to make a sound or use correct grammar is an automatic, unconscious act. Instruction is teacher-centered and makes use of drills and dialogue. Vocabulary and sentence patterns are carefully graded and introduced in a sequence, skills of listening and speaking are introduced before reading and writing, and emphasis is placed on accuracy of pronunciation and grammar. The aim is for the learner to gain an automatic, accurate control of basic sentence structures, sounds, and vocabulary. The approach was very popular in the 1950s and 60s, but its use has declined in favor of the Communicative Approach .
? Authentic assessment
Assessment that measures realistically the knowledge and skills needed for success in adult life. The term is often used as the *****alent of performance assessment, which, rather than asking students to choose a response to a multiple-choice test item, involves having students perform a task.
Authentic assessments are performance assessments that are not artificial or contrived.
:Authentic learning?
Schooling related to real-life situations?the kinds of problems faced by adult citizens, consumers, or professionals. Advocates complain that what is taught in school has little relationship to anything people do in the world outside of school; efforts to make learning more authentic are intended to overcome that problem. Authentic learning situations require teamwork, problem-solving skills, and the ability to organize and prioritize the tasks needed to complete the project. Students should know what is expected before beginning their work. Consultation with others, including the instructor, is encouraged. The goal is to produce a high-quality solution to a real problem, not to see how much the student can remember.